Imaging inorganic nanomaterial fate down to the organelle level

Abstract Nanotoxicology remains an important and emerging field since only recent years have seen the improvement of biological models exposure setups toward real-life scenarios. The appropriate analysis nanomaterial fate in these conditions also required methodological developments imaging to become sensitive enough element specific. In last 2–4 years, impressive breakthroughs been achieved using electron microscopy, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence or fluorescent sensors. this review, basics approaches application examples study systems will be described highlight successes field.